Tele Vision as an Advertisement Media Research Proposal

Tele Vision as an Advertisement Media - Research Proposal Example Notwithstanding the media or technique chose, the principle point of promotion is to persuade the intended interest group that they have a requirement for the item. Through ad, the providers/advertisers are attempting to make a picture about the item with the assistance of phonetic and imaginative components. The current research paper looks on how a notice crusade for a costly chocolate be arranged and actualized viably through TV slots to arrive at its intended interest group. The intended interest group comprises of ladies in the age gathering of 20 to 40. The paper adopts an account strategy for clarifying the different parts of promotion battle and its adequacy to the business. Everything in business requests getting ready for compelling execution and controlling. In promotion additionally, a very much arranged battle can make a superior showing than one which isn't. Promotion Planning gives a point by point blue print of what and how it is done at different phases of crusade. The current crusade is intended to be led through TV to arrive at the intended interest group involving ladies in the age gathering of 20 to 40. A famous channel, for example, diversion or sports channel is proposed for determination. The organization is a chocolate fabricating firm in the U.K. which has been in presence for quite a while in the market doing comparative business. The new item is an expansion to organization's product offerings, all of which have a sound client care and brand value. The new item which centers around the clients, who are in the age gathering of 20 to 40, utilizes an inventive imported innovation and it will catch the market in the following a half year. The item and Brand name The item is a costly chocolate, which has remarkable highlights than that accessible in the market. The organization guarantees that the substance of chocolate is enthusiastically suggested for the wellbeing of ladies in the age gathering of 20 to 40. The brand name chose for the item is Enclate. The brand name 'Enclate' is enrolled and exchange mark for the equivalent has just been authorized by the position concerned. The word 'Enclate' is composed utilizing extraordinary letters, which the organization created in conference with the ad office. Goals of Advertisement Campaign The goals of promotion crusade are indistinguishably associated with that of advertising methodology of the firm, which thusly is related with the general corporate procedure. To accomplish and keep up the objective market inside the ideal time span, the firm has set the accompanying explicit goals: 1. To spread information about the organization, its qualities and so forth to its clients and to the overall population. 2. To pass on about the brand, cost, different advancements and conveyances (Setting the promoting objective, p.2) 3. To make mindfulness about chocolates by and large and Enclate specifically 4. To make an unmistakable brand picture separated from other comparable brands 5. To invigorate the clients to buy the item Target Audience The organization has just fixed the intended interest group for Enclate. Ladies in the age gathering of 20 to 40 establish the objective gathering for the item. Regularly, this gathering doesn't accept chocolates as a propensity. Be that as it may, the

Ap History Compare and Contrast Essay: Egypt and Mesopotamia

Ethan Sua 10/16/10 Mr. McGrath AP World History A Compare and Contrast Essay of Egypt and Mesopotamia Egypt and Mesopotamia created unique and comparative political and strict human advancements. Mesopotamian civic establishments, for example, the Sumerians, the Akkadian realm, the Assyrian domain and the Babylonian city-state, were very subject to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Egypt’s regular disengagement and material independence cultivated a novel culture that for significant stretches had moderately little to do with other civilizations.Ancient Egypt was an old human advancement of eastern North Africa, focused along the lower compasses of the Nile River in what is presently the cutting edge nation of Egypt. In legislative issues, Mesopotamia culture made minimal self-overseeing political units-the city-states. It was because of the geological boundaries of the waterways and harsh territories that made it difficult to join the a wide range of settled networks under one principle. The Nile River was something contrary to the waterways of Mesopotamia. These rulers rose basically by their military status and role.Through their forces they made instruments, for example, military powers, laws, and levies. Additionally, in Egypt, the control of wring mean control of information and along these lines power. It is anything but difficult to see where they arrive at these resolutions. The Pharaoh controlled every single political instrument of intensity and is additionally the expert as far as strict convictions. By the third thousand years B. C. E. the idea of ruler (lugal) grew, conceivably as a result of contentions about normal assets. Strict pioneers diminished in power, as the intensity of lords expanded. In spite of the fact that the rulers repressed the sanctuaries, Mesopotamian rulers didn't have divine power.Political changes happened in Mesopotamia as a result of the progression of individuals that followed the politically predominant Sumerian h uman progress. By 1750 B. C. E. , the composed law code of King Hammurabi (the primary leader of the Old Babylonian state) , was utilized to keep up political position and congruity. As opposed to Mesopotamia, Egypt burned through the greater part of its history as a brought together government, while Mesopotamia appears to have started as an assortment of city-states (under the politically command rule of Sumer) and advanced to being overwhelmed by a couple of commonly unfriendly powers: Assyria and Babylonia.In old Egypt, incredible King Menes joined Upper and Lower Egypt into one country that kept going with coherence of culture from 3,100-1070 B. C. E. with thirty traditions. Dissimilar to Mesopotamian rulers, the Egyptian lord was spoken to as Horus and as the child of Re, and fit into the example of the dead coming back to life and the climatic reestablishing life of the sun-god. No composed law code was created in Egypt. Egypt was considerably more independent than Mesopotami a with copper and turquoise. The pharaoh represented the nation through a huge proficient bureaucracy.In profoundly urbanized Mesopotamia, focal forces, and the utilization of set up accounts permitted certain gatherings to get mass measures of riches. Male mastery of the situation of a copyist a head or researcher charged by the sanctuary or castle with perusing and composing errands further convolutes endeavors to reproduce the lives of ladies. Ladies had the option to: own property, keep up control of their settlement, and even take part in exchange yet men cornered political life. The females additionally worked outside the home in material processing plants, bottling works or as whores, bar attendants, pastry specialists, or fortune tellers.Inside the home ladies wove bins, cooked, cleaned, and gathered water. Generally, their compositions reflect first class male exercises. Sanctuary pioneers and the rulers controlled huge rural domains, and the royal residence organization ga thered expenses from subjects. How world class people obtained enormous private property isn't known, since land was infrequently set available to be purchased. At times borrowers lost their property to leasers, or officers and ministers got land as a byproduct of their service.The most minimal class, the slaves and laborers, of Mesopotamian culture chipped away at the fields and utilized their quality, when collect season finished, to manufacture enormous open works like ziggurats-a multistory, mud-block, pyramid-molded pinnacle with inclines or steps. Ladies were subjection to men and had no property rights. In Mesopotamia constantly thousand years B. C. E. traders had picked up in status and in power through groups. In the Old Babylonian time frame, the class of individuals who were not subject to the sanctuary or castle developed, the measure of land and other property in private hands expanded, and free workers turned out to be more common.Hammurabi’s Code written in the eighteenth century B. C. E. distinguishes three classes: 1. Free landowning class-sovereignty, high-positioning authorities, warriors, clerics, dealers, and a few craftsmans and retailers; 2. The class of ward ranchers and craftsmans, whose lawful connection to imperial or sanctuary, or private homes made them the essential country work power; and 3. The class of slaves; essentially utilized in local assistance. Punishments recommended in the Law Code relied upon the class of the wrongdoer. The lower orders got the most extreme disciplines. Slaves were primarily detainees of war from the mountains.Egyptian class structure was not so much characterized but rather more pyramid fit as a fiddle. Contrasted with Mesopotamia, a far bigger level of the Egyptian populace lived in cultivating towns and Egypt’s riches got from a higher degree from developing the land. When not requirement for agribusiness the workers toiled to assemble the tombs of the pharaoh. Servitude existed on a constrained scale and was of restricted financial importance. Rather than Mesopotamia, Egyptian traders had a low economic wellbeing. For ladies subjection to men is clear however they are spoken to with nobility and love in tomb paintings.Legal archives show that Egyptian ladies could claim property, acquire from their folks, and will their property to whomever they wished. Marriage, typically monogamous, emerged from a couple’s choice to set up a family unit together as opposed to for lawful or strict service. The two gatherings could break up the relationship, and ladies held rights over her share if there should arise an occurrence of separation. At specific occasions, sovereigns and sovereign moms played noteworthy in the background jobs in the governmental issues of the imperial court, and priestesses some of the time managed the cliques of female deities.In general, the restricted proof proposes that ladies in old Egypt appreciated more noteworthy regard and more lawfu l rights and social opportunity than ladies in Mesopotamia and other old social orders. State-sorted out religion hangs out in Mesopotamia. City-states assembled sanctuaries and demonstrated dedication to the heavenliness or divinities that secured the network. Clerics went to this perfect picture with customs that mirrored the message of the Babylonian Creation Myth that mankind existed uniquely to serve the divine beings andâ aâ priestâ would really read from that content to the god’s image.Many ensuing exercises in the sanctuary reenacted the occasions of the fantasy. The Sumerian divine beings typified the powers of nature: Anu the sky, Enlil the air, Enki the water, Utu the sun, Nanna the moon. Egyptians additionally had confidence in special necklaces and in enchantment. Religion was state composed there moreover. An essential contrast in Egyptian conviction is that the Egyptians put stock in the great beyond. They arranged for a protected entry and an agreeable pres ence once they showed up. The Egyptian Book of the Dead, present in many unearthed tombs, contains customs and spells to ensure them.In Mesopotamia, they felt that their gods were not adoring, care-taking creatures. They felt that their divine beings were vindictive, envious, and noxious. This view created from the numerous regular deterrents they were troubled with. Topography and atmosphere influenced extraordinary and comparable advancement in the political, and strict frameworks of both Egypt and Mesopotamia. Possibly Egyptian human progress delighted in more prominent life span than that of Mesopotamian on the grounds that the Mesopotamia culture was begun without any preparation by the early Sumerians where as Egyptians had the option to get from Mesopotamia.

Psychiatric Service Dogs for Bipolar Disorder

Psychiatric Service Dogs for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Print Psychiatric Service Dogs for Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on February 02, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights kali9 / Getty Images Service dogs have a long history of providing assistance to people with physical challenges and are increasingly used to aid those with psychiatric challenges. Psychiatric service dogs are extensively trained to perform specific tasks to meet the individualized needs of their handler and are permitted access to public places in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).?? Psychiatric service dogs can be trained to assist people living with bipolar disorder as well as other mental health challenges, including autism, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and panic disorder. The tasks a service dog is trained to perform to aid someone living with bipolar disorder ?depend on the individuals circumstances and personal challenges and needs. The Role of Service Dogs for Bipolar Disorder The ultimate function of a psychiatric service dog is to alleviate or diminish the negative effects of bipolar disorder on the handlers life. Examples of tasks a dog might be trained to perform for its human partner include: Bring medication or remind their partner to take prescribed medicine at a specific time(s)Awaken their partner at a specific time each dayRemind their partner to go to bed at a specific time to keep sleep cycles regularBring a portable phone to their partner or call 9-1-1 if the handler exhibits behaviors that might indicate a manic episode or severe depressionInterrupt potentially dangerous behaviors in their partner by nudging, nagging, or distracting with playAlert the handler to the telephone, doorbell, or smoke alarm if their partner is asleep or possibly sedated due to medicationCalm or interrupt hypomanic or manic behaviors by leaning into their partner, or placing their head in the handlers lapProvide a link to reality if their partner experiences delusions during a manic episode?? While not considered a service dog function per se, the emotional support provided by a canine helper is often as valuable as the tasks the animal performs. The presence of the dog can also help ground an individual with bipolar disorder and introduce a sense of stability and routine. Laws Relating to Service Dogs It is important to note that to qualify for the protections and allowances of the ADA, both the individual and the canine must meet specific criteria. In short, an individual must have a disability and a service dog must be specifically trained to meet the needs imposed by that disability.?? An individual with a disability is defined by the ADA as a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment, or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment.The ADA defines a service animal like a dog individually trained to do work or perform specific tasks to provide assistance to an individual with a disability. If a dog meets this definition, it is considered a service animal under the ADA, regardless of whether it has been licensed or certified by a state or local government.?? Importantly, a psychiatric service dog differs from an emotional support dog, also called a comfort dog. While  emotional support dogs certainly provide love, companionship, and comfort to their human partners, they are not trained to perform specific tasks that aid the handler in daily functioning. As such, emotional support dogs are not covered under the ADA.?? Other Considerations If youre living with bipolar disorder and considering getting a psychiatric service dog or an emotional support dog, talk with your doctor to determine what type of canine companion is best for you. A psychiatric service dog involves a considerable financial commitment because of the extensive training required, which may take up to two years to complete. Depending on your specific needs, however, you may consider this an invaluable investment.

Grammatical Error Definition and Examples

Grammatical error (also known as error, usage error, grammar error or mistake, bad grammar) is a term used in prescriptive grammar  to describe an instance of faulty, unconventional, or controversial usage, such as a ​misplaced modifier  or an inappropriate verb tense. Also called a usage error. Compare grammatical error with correctness. Its also known as: error, usage error, grammar error or mistake, bad grammar Grammatical errors are usually distinguished from (though sometimes confused with) factual errors, logical fallacies,  misspellings, typographical errors, and faulty punctuation. Interestingly, many people  tend to view usage errors primarily as gaffes or potential sources of embarrassment, not as impediments to effective communication. According to an ad for an amazing book on usage, Mistakes in English can cause you embarrassment, hold you back socially and on the job. It can make you look awkward and hide your true intellect. (Note that in the second sentence the singular pronoun it has no clear referent. Many English teachers would regard this as a grammatical error—specifically, a case of faulty pronoun reference.)   Examples and Observations In Correct English, J. T. Baker says The expression grammatical error sounds, and is, in a sense, paradoxical, for the reason that a form cannot be grammatical and erroneous at the same time. One would not say musical discord... Because of the apparent contradiction of terms, the form grammatical error should be avoided and error in construction, or error in English, etc., be used in its stead. Of course one should never say, good grammar or bad grammar. â€Å"We believe, as do most linguists, that native speakers do not make mistakes,† per Peter Trudgill and Lars-Gunnar Andersson, who were quoted in Errors in Language Learning and Use. Garner on Grammatical Errors If descriptivists believe that any linguistic evidence validates usage, then we must not be descriptivists. Hardly anyone wants to be a nonjudgmental collector of evidence. It’s far more interesting and valuable to assemble the evidence and then to draw conclusions from it. Judgments. Rulings. To the extent that the masses want such reasoning—as one could only wish—it’s because they want to use language effectively, says Bryan A. Garner in his New York Times article, Which Language Rules to Flout. Or Flaunt? In Garners Modern American Usage, Garner notes Because grammatical may mean either (1) relating to grammar [grammatical subject] or (2) consistent with grammar [a grammatical sentence], there is nothing wrong with the age-old phrase grammatical error (sense 1). Its as acceptable as the phrases criminal lawyer and logical fallacy. Grammar and Usage Usage is a concept that embraces many aspects of and attitudes toward language. Grammar is certainly only a small part of what goes to make up usage, though some people use one term for the other, as when they label what is really a controversial point of usage a grammatical error, according to Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary. Error Analysis Error analysis, as a descriptive rather than a prescriptive approach to error, provides a methodology for determining why a student makes a particular grammatical error and has been a potentially valuable borrowing from this field [research in second-language acquisition], one that could have altered the prescriptive drilling of standard forms which still comprises much of basic writing texts. Unfortunately, however, error analysis in the composition classroom has generally served to simply keep the focus on error, says Eleanor Kutz in Between Students Language and Academic Discourse. The Lighter Side of Grammatical Error Heres some dialog from the 18th episode of The Simpsons 12th season, the Trilogy of the Error. First mobster: Hey. Theys throwin robots.Linguo: They are throwing robots.Second mobster: Its disrespecting us. Shut up ayou face.Linguo: Shut up your face.Second mobster: Whatsa matta you?First mobster: You aint so big.Second mobster: Me an him are gonna whack you in the labonza.Linguo: Mmmm...Aah! Bad grammar overload. Error. Error.[Linguo explodes] Sources Baker, Josephine Turck, editor. Response to a letter. Correct English, 1 Mar. 1901, p. 113. Garner, Bryan A. Garners Modern American Usage. 3rd ed, Oxford University Press, 2009. ï » ¿Garner, Bryan A. Which Language Rules to Flout. Or Flaunt? The New York Times, 27 Sept., 2012. Kutz, Eleanor. Between Students Language and Academic Discourse: Interlanguage as Middle Ground. Negotiating Academic Literacies, edited by Vivian Zamel and Ruth Spack. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998. Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed, 2003. Trilogy of Error. The Simpsons, written by Matt Selman, directed by Mike B. Anderson, 20th Century Fox, 2001. Trudgill, Peter and Lars-Gunnar Andersson. 1990, quoted by Carl James in Errors in Language Learning and Use. Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.

Fairy Tales Reflection of Societal Dysfunction Essay

When people talk about fairy tales, in their mind, they will automatically think about fantasy element such as princess, princes, and fairy and of course the happy ending at the end of every fairy tale. They give us a place for freedom of thinking and relaxing. Moreover, in some way, we used fairy tales to teach a childs moral lessons about how to behavior. Do fairy tales only offer the freedom of thinking and moral lesson fairy tales to people? We use to think that the fantasy in the fairy tales has no impact on their society, and its merely the element to get the stories in fairy tales gloomier and more attracted to the reader. No, fairy tales still hold one more important function. In one aspect, fairy tales reflect the bad side of†¦show more content†¦The willing to believe in fairy tales is existent and choosing to follow the forest nymph who leads her to the faun in the labyrinth first visit she is the action of a rebel. As Guillermo Del Torro, the films director of Pa ns Labyrinth, he states: Fascism is the absolute lack of imagination, the absolute lack of choice, and the most masculine expression of power. Under its cruel restrictions, people are prohibited from thinking for themselves. They (the people) have to take what the fascist society offers them and are not allowed to think for themselves. However, Ofelia made her choice for herself. She would rather put her faith to believe the fantasy characters in fairy tales which no one believes than live with the real world. The actions of accepting that she is a princess and trying to find her way back to her underworld kingdom, we see that Ofelia represents the unwillingness to live under a fascist regime by escaping from the real world where the lives of men seem worthless. She uses the fantasy world as the way to escape the living with the captain. Annalee Newitz, the author of Pan’s labyrinth-Can Fantasies Rescue Us from Fascism, said, â€Å"Ofelia’s fantasies are more than m erely escapist because they allow her to find political allies.† Her actions of betraying the Caption also shows her defending the Marxist rebels. When she knows that she cannot return to her kingdom Ofelia decides to go with Mercedes and help the Marxist rebels.

Attitude Formation Free Essays

Attitude FormationCCSF, Shardlow In Social Psychology attitudes are defined as positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought. Attitudes typically have three components. †¢ The cognitive component is made up of the thoughts and beliefs people hold about the object of the attitude. We will write a custom essay sample on Attitude Formation or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ The affective component consists of the emotional feelings stimulated by the object of the attitude. †¢ The behavioral component consists of predispositions to act in certain ways toward an attitude object. The object of an attitude can be anything people have opinions about. Therefore, individual people, groups of people, institutions, products, social trends, consumer products, etc. all can be attitudinal objects. †¢ Attitudes involve social judgments. They are either for, or against, pro, or con, positive, or negative; however, it is possible to be ambivalent about the attitudinal object and have a mix of positive and negative feelings and thoughts about it. †¢ Attitudes involve a readiness (or predisposition) to respond; however, for a variety of reasons we don’t always act on our attitudes. †¢ Attitudes vary along dimensions of strength and accessibility. Strong attitudes are very important to the individual and tend to be durable and have a powerful impact on behavior, whereas weak attitudes are not very important and have little impact. Accessible attitudes come to mind quickly, whereas other attitudes may rarely be noticed. †¢ Attitudes tend to be stable over time, but a number of factors can cause attitudes to change. †¢ Stereotypes are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. †¢ A prejudice is an arbitrary belief, or feeling, directed toward a group of people or its individual members. Prejudices can be either positive or negative; however, the term is usually used to refer to a negative attitude held toward members of a group. Prejudice may lead to discrimination, which involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. Psychological factors involved in Attitude Formation and Attitude Change 1. Direct Instruction involves being told what attitudes to have by parents, schools, community organizations, religious doctrine, friends, etc. 2. Operant Conditioning is a simple form of learning. It is based on the â€Å"Law of Effect† and involves voluntary responses. Behaviors (including verbal behaviors and maybe even thoughts) tend to be repeated if they are reinforced (i. e. , followed by a positive experience). Conversely, behaviors tend to be stopped when they are punished (i. e. , followed by an unpleasant experience). Thus, if one expresses, or acts out an attitude toward some group, and this is reinforced by one’s peers, the attitude is strengthened and is likely to be expressed again. The reinforcement can be as subtle as a smile or as obvious as a raise in salary. Operant conditioning is especially involved with the behavioral component of attitudes. 3. Classical conditioning is another simple form of learning. It involves involuntary responses and is acquired through the pairing of two stimuli. Two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused and before long the person responds in the same way to both events. Originally studied by Pavlov, the process requires an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that produces an involuntary (reflexive) response (UCR). If a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired, either very dramatically on one occasion, or repeatedly for several acquisition trials, the neutral stimulus will lead to the same response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. At this point the stimulus is no longer neutral and so is referred to as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the response has now become a learned response and so is referred to as a conditioned response (CR). In Pavlov’s research the UCS was meat powder which led to an UCR of salivation. The NS was a bell. At first the bell elicited no response from the dog, but eventually the bell alone caused the dog to salivate. Advertisers create positive attitudes towards their products by presenting attractive models in their ads. In this case the model is the UCS and our reaction to him, or her, is an automatic positive response. The product is the original NS which through pairing comes to elicit a positive conditioned response. In a similar fashion, pleasant or unpleasant experiences with members of a particular group could lead to positive or negative attitudes toward that group. Classical conditioning is especially involved with the emotional, or affective, component of attitudes. 4. Social (Observational) Learning is based on modeling. We observe others. If they are getting reinforced for certain behaviors or the expression of certain attitudes, this serves as vicarious reinforcement and makes it more ikely that we, too, will behave in this manner or express this attitude. Classical conditioning can also occur vicariously through observation of others. 5. Cognitive Dissonance exists when related cognitions, feelings or behaviors are inconsistent or contradictory. Cognitive dissonance creates an unpleasant state of tension that motivates people to reduce their dissonance by changing their cognitions, feel ing, or behaviors. For example, a person who starts out with a negative attitude toward marijuana will experience cognitive dissonance if they start smoking marijuana and find themselves enjoying the experience. The dissonance they experience is thus likely to motivate them to either change their attitude toward marijuana, or to stop using marijuana. This process can be conscious, but often occurs without conscious awareness. 6. Unconscious Motivation. Some attitudes are held because they serve some unconscious function for an individual. For example, a person who is threatened by his homosexual feelings may employ the defense mechanism of reaction formation and become a crusader against homosexuals. Or, someone who feels inferior may feel somewhat better by putting down a group other than her own. Because it is unconscious, the person will not be aware of the unconscious motivation at the time it is operative, but may become aware of it as some later point in time. 7. Rational Analysis involves the careful weighing of evidence for, and against, a particular attitude. For example, a person may carefully listen to the presidential debates and read opinions of political experts in order to decide which candidate to vote for in an election. How to cite Attitude Formation, Essay examples

Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 Essay Example

Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 Paper Stereotypes often reflect and are formed from dominant hegemonic values of that specific time. In victor Flemings Gone with the Wind (1939) characters such as mammy clearly reflected the dominant ideological beliefs of that era. With the acceptance of slave labor shaping these beliefs she was representative of the expected and accepted historic black stereotypes of funny fat woman, comic servants, and natural entertainers. In the 1960s revolutionaries such as Martin Luther King played a key roles in challenging peoples perceptions of women and men of all equalities. Along with the civil rights movement these derogatory and dominant stereotypes gradually began to change. During the late 50s to the late 60s Sidney Poitier was the only black leading man working consistently in Hollywood feature films. The civil rights movement had shaped the contours of Poitiers career. Non violent demonstrations for black equality had forged a culture in which his image resonated, and his movies had prompted racial goodwill. He made his feature-length movie debut as Dr. Luther Brooks, a black doctor who treats a bigoted white criminal, in No Way Out (Joseph L. Mankiewicz. ) (1950). He was the second black actor to win an Academy Award (Hattie McDaniel had won a best supporting actress Oscar for Gone with the Wind in 1939) His role in (No Way Out) established a significant pattern both for Poitier himself and for the black actors who followed him; by refusing roles that played to a racial stereotype, Poitier pushed the restrictive boundaries set by Hollywood and made inroads into the American mainstream. In contrast to the films of the 50s and 60s films of the blaxploitation era cast black people in roles such as pimps, drug dealers and sexually promiscuous characters. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring stereotypes through the film Crash 2005 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Black people were given lead roles and often white people were portrayed in a negative way, often racist bigots in authoritative roles to reflect the injustices that black people often suffer at the hand of white supremacy. The blaxploitation films were heavily critisised for continuing to use stereotypes but constant popularity amongst the black community allowed films that followed to have similar success such as Gordon Parks Shaft (1972). From a Marxist point of view it could be argued that in a world in which white hegemonic males run our institutions it is impossible for this dominant representation of ethnic minorities to change. The negative images which are created generate ideologies in societies. People of ethnic minorities are therefore prevented from moving up the social hierarchy, and consequently are unable to gain position in the media and are forced to continue to be subservient to the white hegemonic males. With films continuing to produce unrealistic presentations of people of ethnic origin, Crash was anticipated to be a film in which we were offered and alternative ideology and ultimately the negative stereotypes would be challenged. Some critics however have argued that the latter stereotypes are not subverted or challenged; they are simply reinforced and are presented to us as reality. Even when characters surprise us, which happens frequently, it is often by behavior that is just as stereotypical as what we expected, except that it represents a very different stereotype. Crash deliberately shows slanted prejudices against minorities. Latinos become cheating Mexican gang bangers. For example the depiction of Daniel the locksmith The wife of the D. A Jean Cabot insists on having the locks changed when Daniel leaves as she believes he is a (gang banger, with prison tattoos). Blacks become either in the case of men gun-toting criminals, Anthony (Chris Ludacris Bridges) and his side kick Peter Waters (Larenz Tate) or righteous upper class characters such as Cameron (Terrance Howard. ) Asians become greedy smugglers. And whites oversee this chaos with condescending bigotry. As In the depiction of the two white police officers Officer John Ryan (Matt Dillon) and Officer Tom Hansen (Ryan Phillippe) A more contemporary representation is illustrated by the character of Farhad (Shaun Toub). Middle Easterners are depicted as stubborn, incoherent convenience store owners. Toubs character may reflect the current Middle Eastern stereotype subject to the aftermath of 9/11. This current representation is further explored and the severity of the situation revealed when we see Farhad shoot a gun at a small child, many other guns are raised by characters of ethnic origin, but Farhad who is mistaken for being Iraqi (when in fact he is Persian) is the only character to attempt murder. This is further highlighted with mention of Osama Bin Laden in relation to Farhad, reflecting the current feeling of jingoistic resentment displayed post 9/11. Possibly the only two characters that offer us a true alternative are the characters of peter waters (Larenz Tate) and Daniel (Michael Pena). Daniel is mistaken to be a gang member and because of his appearance (having a shaved head and supposedly having prison tattoos. He is revealed to be a farther who is working hard to provide and protect his wife and young daughter. Peter represents a modern stereotypical image which reflects African-American thug lifestyle and its relation to Christianity. Many people believe Tupac Shakur is responsible for the Thug life movement when in fact he himself said I didnt create Thug Life, I diagnosed it Tupac Declared the dictionary definition of a Thug as being a rouge or criminal was not how he used the term, but rather he meant someone who came from an oppressive background and had little opportunity but still they managed to make a life for themselves and were proud. Shakur regularly quoted the bible and in the Code of Thug life there are similar rules for a member to follow as in the bible. Peter has turned to crime in a city in which he feels he is forced to due to lack of opportunity, this further supports the theory that in a world in which our societies are controlled by white middle class males, people of ethnic origin will be forced to continue to struggle to move up the social hierarchy. Some critics argue however that the most cliched stereotypes are the truest as the majority stereotypes derive from some form of truth. As mentioned before African American characters in early films were represented in a way that would reflect their treatment in the slave trade, and therefore so do more recent stereotypes. Towards the end of the 20th century many immigrants who came to America came in search of the American dream. They invested in small retail businesses and now according to trade associations, 50,000 to 70,000 of the 140,000 convenience stores in the United States are owned by south Asians, Therefore the image of Farhad is originally a form of reality. Although these elements can be hugely exaggerated to create a stereotype that is comical and can be mocked. For example Apu in the Simpsons runs the Kwik-E-Mart. He has many stereotypical traits including: he has a strong work ethic, having a recognisably South Asian name, a strong Indian accent, he is often a victim of crime both children shoplifting, attempting to buy alcohol and armed robbery. Although again this can mirrored in Farhad as he is often a victim of crime. Most of the representations offered to us in the film are stereotyped characters who do not subvert previous representations or ideologies. However it could be argued that there is a need for these stereotypes. Many large Hollywood production executives would argue that in order for a mass audience to accept a text as reality stereotypes still need to be present to enable an audience to connect with the characters and to find them to be believable. It is important in many parts of the film for the audience to engage and empathise with characters. In order to generate empathy and to allow the audience to relate to characters there must be a certain degree of identification. This idea explored in the film. Cameron (a black film director) is asked by a colleague to shoot his last scene again because one of the black actors on set isnt speaking black enough, the white director believes that the audience will not recognise the actor as black unless he speaks in slang. Many people who havent experienced these ethnic minorities directly in L. A are likely to accept them as reality, thus generating and fueling previous negative ideologies. The alternative stereotype of an African American is offered in Crash through the characters of Christine and Cameron. Educated, successful and affluent citizens, Cameron and Christine could be seen to fall into the stereotype of noble negro. This is avoided as we get glimpses of a profound relationship in which they are far from a sexless married couple. We see conflict between them suggesting a more complex relationship than what is presented to us on the surface. This contemporary representation starts to move away from the stereotypical interpretation of an African American couple. However after an unwarranted police stop, Christine is enraged about her husbands refusal to intervene when white cop Ryan uses the pretense of frisking her to feel her up even feeling her crotch. She harangues against what she sees as a cowardly Uncle-Tomism, whilst he insists he acted the only way he could, that when a white man has power there is no way to win, so you do what you can to survive. This exploitation and suppression of African Americans at the hand of white people would imply that racism is primarily institutional; however the ideology behind the film suggests that discrimination and racist attitudes are down to the people who perpetuate it. For example Officer Ryan verbally abuses Shaniqua (Lorreta Devine, a black case manager at an insurance company. She bears Ryans racism with dignity as he unloads his frustration with the insurance companys rules about his fathers care onto her, in the form of a livid and ignorant rant against the Affirmative Action Programme. She appears to be a more reasonable principled character in the film. However this is short lived, in a key point at the end of the film. Shaniqua has a car crash were an Asian woman rear-ends Shaniquas car. She then emerges from her car shouting dont talk to me unless you speak American. The LAPD is represented by two characters and from two different perspectives. Both of which a subverted though out the movie. One perspective is from that of Officer Ryan. In contrast to his previous wrong doings, fate places Ryan at the scene of a car crash where Christine the woman who he previously sexually attacked is in a life threatening situation. Ryan now subverts his previous stereotype and puts his own life in danger to rescue Christine, even after she hysterically rejects his help. The juxtaposed perspective is offered by Officer Hanson (Ryan Phillepe. Hanson in contrast to Ryan is compassionate and idealistic. Hanson tries to prevent the incident between Officer Ryan and Christine and throughout the film he tries to uphold his morals. Though he is that character who is most committed to racial justice at the end of the film Hansons fears overcomes justice and he shoots an innocent black man (Peter) (Larenz Tate. Hanson thought he was well intentioned only to find that he harbors a deep-seated form of psychological racism hidden within his consciousness. This racist view was unbeknown to Hanson, who believed he was an upstanding, understanding individual. His act of racism did not derive form an overt or pervasive discriminatory view on his behalf, but rather from a systematic fear that existed deep within his consciousness, due to years of conditioning us with of archetypal impressions created by the media. It could be argued that Hanson reflects how many of us judge by appearances. The ever-present stereotype of the African American, that we have been conditioned to accept as reality, presents us with a image of a young black male who is a criminal who is much more likely to have a gun in the pocket of their jeans than a religious statue of St Christopher, therefore the film has now revealed the key ideology that every person is capable of intolerance. The depiction and later transformation of many of the stereotypes could be seen to support the theory of the Other which proposes that those who are different from the norm (white, heterosexual, middle class males) are often perceived as being the other. This ideology only exists due to white males dominating our influential hegemonic media institutions. They create positive and powerful representations of themselves which as before with Ethnic minorities we are conditioned to accept them as reality. Therefore they continue to maintain the most dominant and powerful positions. The media institution behind a text will have influence over the objective of a movie. Lions gate (distributor and producer) of Crash best known for distributing films too controversial for the large American companies such as Fahrenheit 9/11 and American Psycho. However a major investor in Lions Gate Films is Yahoo! , who previously has been accused of being racist. Consequently it could be argued that they could have had control of the overall ideology behind the film. All those who challenge the hegemonic ideology forced upon us are represented as negatively and are stereotyped in order to control them. This theory is evident in the film when we see Officer Ryan rescues Christine. The previous racist white male is redeemed by his heroism, while the black woman is reduced to incoherence by the situation and is forced to be silently grateful for his transcendence. The idea that from each scene a intelligible and blatant moral is expressed purposely provokes the audience to decide if in reality this how prejudice is expressed or if in fact people are more understanding. The reception theory initiated from the work of Hans-Robert Jauss is greatly supported by Hall. This textual analysis focuses on the capacity for compromise and resistance on behalf of the audience. This means that there is an aspect of viewing in which the audience will not passively absorb a text instead they will actively negotiate the meaning. The meaning will an individual conceive depends on their cultural background, as a result of the background some will accept a text and others will reject it. The reading of the representations could be seen in two ways depending on the beliefs and background of each individual viewer. Paul Haggis stated I hate as Americans we just love to define people. We love to say Good person, Bad person. In this film at least I didnt want us to be judging others. I wanted us to be judging ourselves. This offers us an insight into his original intention for the film, with the idea that the film would revolve around race decided later. The twin elements of accident (literally and figuratively) and coincidence connect the various stories, which are intended to prove that people form harmful prejudices from a combination of impressions and individual psychoses. I believe Ethnic stereotypes play a very significant role in the understanding of the film Crash, On either of its two dimensions. In order to understand the film either on a simplistic representational level, or else seeing the film as an example of maybe considering social conflicts as externalisations of a fundamentally internal crisis, which therefore allow the audience to realise that the complexity found in each character can in fact undermine the entire concept of a stereotype, consequently producing realistic individuals who are surrounded by racial conflict in post 9/11. To understand and examine racial issues in the after math of 9/11 looking towards real life will enable us to predict the stereotypes that may also become hegemonic ideologies in America.